Analysis of NCLB and IDEA 2004 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis of NCLB and IDEA 2004 - Research Paper Example Schools that fail to meet the AYP objectives for two or more years are categorized as the institutions â€Å"in need of improvement†. Schools under this category may face various consequences (Thomas, Brian, J., Caroline, & Helen, 2010). The NCLB plan demands states to base tests on academic standards and start examining students in Math and reading in grades 3 through 8, on an annually basis. Furthermore, students should receive such tests at least once in grades 10 through 12. The most recent guideline recommends 100% proficiency in Mathematics and reading. NCLB argues that each child must test on grade level in Math and reading. Furthermore, NCLB authorizes school districts to hire educators designated as â€Å"highly qualified† to teach major academic subjects in Title 1 plan. Lastly, the accountability section demands states to describe their strategies for closing the achievement gap and ensuring that all students including the disadvantaged ones attain academic p roficiency (Beekman, 2009). IDEA 2004 targets building equity, responsibility and excellence in education for individuals with disabilities. The plan demands special education teachers to be highly qualified. Furthermore, the plan guides that all students with disabilities should participate in state or district testing in alternate examination (Beekman, 2009). IDEA also states that short-term goals and standards with the exception of the category under alternate assessment should be placed in a temporary alternative setting for involvement in violence, weapons and drugs. In summary, IDEA guides that administrators and policy makers should run customized systems that accord special attention to students with disabilities. The NCLB and IDEA provisions generate a serious controversy because they involve various sensitive aspects. Some scholars believe that the provisions provided by these plans are important for developing better education systems. However, critical observations argue that some provisions are vague and unattainable. For example, critics emphasize that the idea of 100% participation is unachievable because of the challenges associated with the disabled students. Furthermore, the idea of hiring â€Å"highly qualified† teachers may be unrealistic because students’ performance is not entirely dependent on teacher’s competence (McCaffrey, 2004). NCLB and IDEA provisions are likely to affect my activities in the classroom. This is because; my actions must fall within the provisions’ guidelines. It is apparent that as a special education teacher, I have a major duty of ensuring successful implementation of NCLB and IDEA proposals. Often, attaining the plans’ objectives may be challenging because of the great gap between regular students and students with disabilities. However, being a special education teacher, I must devise strategies for handling all controversial concerns within my classroom (Thomas, Brian, J., Car oline, & Helen, 2010). Initially, NCLB and IDEA provisions oblige me into presenting high degrees of professionalism and competence when handling my students. This highlights that with the presence of the plans’ guidelines, the special education teacher career is likely to be a sensitive duty. For example, a provision of the NCBL plan emphasizes the need of hiring â€Å"highly qualified† teachers. This means that I should present commitment towards conforming to the standards of the

The Hollow Men by T.S. Elliot. Essay Example for Free

The Hollow Men by T.S. Elliot. Essay In The Hollow Men there is a conflict between an intense longing for a state of edenic purity and the contradictory search for a more lasting form of order through denial and alienation. It can be observed that The Hollow Men expresses the depths of Eliots despair, but the poet in a sense chooses despair as the only acceptable alternative to the false existence of the unthinking inhabitants of the waste land. The despair of The Hollow Men is controlled by intellectual principles, in the way the poem consciously evaluates experience in abstract terms, distinguishes between opposing states of being, and establishes, both in form and subject matter, the illusion of visionary experience. The poem represents the progress of Eliots own intellectual soul, but this progress is frustrated by the poets attraction to a visionary imagery. The Hollow Men replaces the rich and chaotic style of The Waste Land with an austerity of expression and a more contemplative mood. The formal strategy of The Hollow Men, like its content, seems designed to show how effectively the inarticulate influences the conception and creation of a work of art. The formal aspects of the poem imitate the characteristics of the hollow men it portrays. For example, their desire to avoid speech (5) is comparable to the poems general paused rhythm, and the technique of constant repetition and negation: The eyes are not here / There are no eyes here. (5) Moreover, the Paralyzed force, gesture without motion (5) applies not only to the men themselves but to the poem as a whole, which exhibits little narrative progression in the conventional sense and lacks verbs of direct action. As the hollow men walk together, say prayers to broken stones, and whisper meaninglessly, so the poem itself moves toward a conclusion only to end in hollow abstraction, broken prayer, and the meaningless repetition of a rhyme. The reduction of poetic expression to the minimum does away with metaphor and simile and produces a final section of the poem which almost completely lacks modifiers. The poetic style marked by verbal austerity and negation forms a counterpart  to the theme of rejection of the validity of human experience at every level. In this respect the poem expands on the theme of denial explored as part of the individuals search for meaning in The Waste Land. The Hollow Men explores this boundary situation in its images of finality or extremity and in a theme that comprises two different states of being. The poems speaker anticipates with dread that final meeting (5); the men walk together In this last of meeting places (5); the final section, in its generalized abstraction of all that has gone before, tells us that This is the way the world ends. The Dantescan image of the lost souls Gathered on this beach of the tumid river (5) belongs to a boundary theme that recurs throughout Eliots poetry: Prufrock escapes from the world of skirts and teacups to the world of visionary imagination by means of a walk upon the beach. (6) The protagonist of The Waste Land sits down and cries By the waters of Leman,(7) then on the shore with the arid plain behind me. (7) The persona of The Hollow Men has arrived, intellectually and physically, at the limit of one world only to find that its deliberate disguises (5) hide a limited lack of possibility: between capacity and existence Falls the Shadow. (5) (5) The Hollow Men, T.S.Eliot, (6) The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, T.S.Eliot. (7) The Wasteland, T.S.Eliot

Nation Branding: A Tool Of Soft Power

Nation Branding: A Tool Of Soft Power Nations have always cared about their image, but in recent years one witnessed a turning point in methods used by states to build and manage their reputation. In this era of globalization the world is increasingly becoming a gigantic stage on which countries have to compete for all types of resources in order to enhance, and raise their international profile. In light of this, nation branding holds a vital key to win this world contest. Though, it draws heavily from the marketing and public relations realms, this concept is increasingly pertaining the sphere of international relations as states are using it as a tool to reach their desired international aims. In light of this, the aim of this essay will be to evaluate the relatively new concept of nation brand in the context of soft power in international relations. It will argue that there is close link between soft power and nation branding, since the latter if done effectively can enhance a nation soft power and consequently winni ng the hearts and minds of foreign audiences. The second part of the essay will then attempt to shed led on to what extent can state branding can fit within the theories of IR and the eventual implications it can have on the conduct of foreign policy. Soft power, a term that is increasingly used in discourses of international relations, was coined by Joseph Nye who is amongst the most prominent theorists within the Neoliberal theory, to define co-optive power in contrast to the traditional hard power related to the military and economic might. Soft power is conceptualized as the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than coercion or payments. It arises from the attractiveness of a countrys culture, political ideals, and policies (Nye, 2004). Soft power blossomed after the end of the cold war. Definitely, due to globalization and communication the usage of soft power is becoming more important. In fact, in light of this Nye states that, Winning hearts and minds has always been important, but it is even more so in a global information age. Information is power, and modern information technology is spreading information more widely than ever before in history (Nye 2004). Though the concept of soft power was put forth by Nye in recent decades, it could also be seen in previous works such that of Hans J. Morgenthau, Klaus Knorr and Ray Cline (Fan, 2008). Soft power rests on the ability of shaping the preferences of others. Hence, such arguments insist that a nation may address and reach its desired outcomes on the global stage, due to the fact that other states admire its values, imitate its example and seek to reach its level of prosperity and openness. Therefore, it is a significant asset in influencing others, not by using hard military power, but by the ability to attract, which goes beyond influence or persuasion (Nye, 2004). Nye states that soft power relies on primarily three resources the attractiveness of its culture, the appeal of its domestic political and social values, and the style and substance of its foreign policies (Nye, 2004). Due to such factors soft power is intangible and difficult to measure and control. Through such power, nations are able to cultivate specific relations with the other states particularly culturally and economically which eventually result in a better and more favorable public opinion and credibility in the outside world. An interesting aspect is that soft power in contrast to hard power is not controlled entirely by the government but non-state actors can also have a contribution to it. As previously discussed, soft powers most particular and important asset is the ability to attain desirable outcomes without involving any type of force. In todays world, many nations around the globe are suffering from bad image problems which lead nations to embark on initiatives such as nation branding. Image problems are driven by both internal policies and events taking place in the political, economical and social landscape, and also due to certain stereotypes that exist on the external side. Cases in point are the nations of Greece, Spain and Italy which are under investigation in my dissertation. In fact such countries, particularly Greece has currently its image into a storm due to the economic crisis. Apart from that, as in the case of Spain and Italy it suffers from certain stereotypes associated with countries located in the Mediterranean basin. Hence, in order to overcome negative perceptions or turn their potentials into reality countries embark on initiatives such as n ation branding. The practice and theoretical conceptualization of nation branding its still in its infancy, although it must be noted that some researches (e.g. Olins 2002) argue that countries have always branded themselves throughout history. Nation Branding is about applying branding and marketing communications techniques to promote a nations image (Fan 2008). In the marketing field a brand is understood how what a customer thinks about a certain product. On the other hand, the brand state revolves around the idea of how the outside world views a particular country. Hence, this makes nation branding a crossroad between the world of public relations and marketing and international relations. If one looks at the main definition of nation branding, one finds an array of differences in the focus and purpose of nation branding. Fan (2008) made a close examination of the major definitions. Fans (2008) evaluations show that nation branding is about remolding the national identities (Olins, 1999), enhance nations competitiveness (Anholt 2007), embrace political, cultural, business and sports activities (Jaffe and Nebenzahl, 2001), promoting economic and political interests at home and abroad (Rendon and Szondi, 2003) and to altering, improving or enhancing a nations image/ reputation (Gudjossan, 2005). In less theoretical words, nation branding is about building and managing the reputation of a country. Hence, this concept allows nations to better control the image they project to the world, and therefore be able to attract and compete for the right kinds of available resources. Consequently, by this process a nation hopes to boost its international profile in a globalized world where every country has to compete with every other nation for the share of income, power, voice and influence. In fact, nations engage in branding primarily in order to attract tourists, investment, boost exports, restore international credibility and ratings, increase political influence, stimulate stronger international relations, combat negative national stereotypes and enhance nation building by nourishing confidence, pride, harmony and national resolve (Dinnie 2008). Thus, a positive nation brand provides a crucial competitive advantage in contrast to a bad image which hinders the states competitivene ss in the global arena. As Van Ham (2008) states, similar to Nyes soft power resources, a countrys brand is determined by its culture, political ideals, and policies. There are three key components in nation branding, or in other words, a nations brand consists of three sub-brands: political brand, economic brand and cultural brand (Fan, 2008). Such arguments illustrate that nation branding and soft power are certainly two concepts linked. Backing this argument is the nation brand hexagon developed by Anholt in which there six main factors that determine a brand which are tourism, governance, exports, investment and immigrations, culture and heritage and the citizens. Hence, such six factors fall under the three main categories previously mentioned. Evidently, these are also the sources associated with the conduction of soft power. Certainly, nation branding falls under a wide umbrella of postmodern power where soft power and public diplomacy are also located. Van Ham (2008) argues that in academic discourse on soft power, the concept of nation branding has now acquired a place which is still somewhat awkward. Definitely, when one evaluates nation branding within the context of soft power in IR, one has to look also to the links and differences that exist between nation branding and public diplomacy. This is due to the fact that public diplomacy has much more theoretical backing of rich as one of the main soft power tools in IR. For example Melissen states that they are complimentary tools with the practice of branding a nation involves a much greater and coordinated effort than public diplomacy (Melissen 2005). On the other hand Szondi argues that both practices can be seen as distinct but overlapping concepts in that they are oriented toward the same purpose of branding a nation but as different tools in this endeavor (Szondi 2008). Anholt argue that public diplomacy is a subset of nation branding. In Anholts arguments nation branding is how a nation represents as whole itself, whilst public diplomacy is exclusively concentrated on the presentation of government policies, hence the political subset of nation branding. Nevertheless, one must keep in mind governments are assumed to represent the people of a nation, and therefore, there is no getting away from the fact that nation branding is a highly politicized activity (Dinnie, 2007). It must be noted, that the main link between public diplomacy and nation branding is that both concepts aim at the same outcome wining the hearts and minds to create a favorable image of the country. Though it is beyond the scope of this assignment to evaluate in detail the links and difference between nation branding and public diplomacy, it is interesting to have a glance between these tools through the table below Table 1: Table 1: Main differences between Public diplomacy and Nation Branding Public Diplomacy Nation Branding Goal Promoting political interest Promoting (mainly) economic related interests. Context Highly politicized and change according to government. Driven mainly by IR and culture May be de-politicized. Driven by marketing and public relations Target Targeted at key countries Targeted more universal, applicable to nay country Direction Foreign public Both foreign and domestic audience Strategies Relationship building, more emphasis on substance and content Image management, emphasis on visual and symbolic elements Evaluation Short, middle and long term Mostly long-term Definitely, as previously mentioned nation branding has very much in common with the values and issues related to soft power in IR. Fan (2008) states that nation branding can be an important asset in the development of soft power of a nation. Apart from that, a successful nation branding campaign will help create a more favourable image among the international audience thus further enhancing a countrys soft power. Hence, state branding is extensively seen as a vital tool to win over the hearts and minds of foreign audiences and persuade them that their brand is competitive. Bringing, Nyes arguments into light, one finds that reputation is a crucial part in the soft power of a country. This is due to the fact that reputation expresses the total impressions of other soft power recourses, such as for example how culture is perceived in the world. As in the case of soft power, nation branding initiatives are also built on credibility and reputation and determined by the nations culture, political ideals and policies. (Van Ham 2008) In light of the increasing rise of nation branding, a daunting question is: what is the implication of such a concept on international affairs? One needs to evaluate to what extent established theories of international relations have the right theoretical tools to shed light on this new concept that is pertaining the world of international relations. Van Ham (2008) states that The international relations theory of constructivism sheds some light on the functioning of place branding, whereas classical political science tools fail to come to terms with its implications for international politics. Such argument is made in the light of the fact that nation branding, as part of soft power revolve around factors such as values, norms and ideas in international relations. Hence, this is on the same lines of the IR constructivists theory since constructivist explanations of international politics define the global system as a set of ideas, a body of thought, a system of norms, which has been arranged by certain people at a particular time and place (Jackson and Sorrenson 2006). Constructivism assumes that the selves, or identities, of states are a variable; they likely depend on historical, cultural, political, and social context (Hopf 1998, 176). Hence, such arguments are extremely relevant for nation branding since the latter assume that identities are contextual and malleable (Van Ham 2008). Other traditional tools such as realism may find it more difficult to evaluate the rise of nation branding within the field of international relations. Realists are focused on a system of anarchy and balance of power in IR. First, they may find arguments about the relevance of public diplomacy and state branding as trivial and frivolous. (Van Ham, 2008). Apart from that, for realists, states in the international system pursue their egoistic self interest. Hence, regarding nation branding though, this can be a good initiative as such from the viewpoint of neorealism in that it can affect a states economic strength positively and thereby increasing its power and security. Apart from evaluating the implications of nation branding to the schools of IR, its also interesting to investigate the effect of this initiative on foreign policies the real IR world. As Anholt argues, applying nation branding techniques in foreign policies can be a dangerous initiative. Governments need to have a real sense and organized way of what are doing since they can fall their own victims if a brand is found not be credible or it is misleading. Apart from that, developing countries which are in need to brand themselves may use financial resources in branding efforts at the expense of more tangible needed reforms. Nation branding techniques can also backfire. This is highly illustrated with the case of Greece when it hosted the 2004 Olympics in Athens. The political, economic and international standing of Greece were at high levels, however none of government officials or departments took the task to develop the international profile of Hellas (Cromwell, T Kyriacou 2005) In light of the discussed arguments, one could assume that nation branding is inextricably linked with public diplomacy under the wider spectrum of the concept of soft power. However, as in contrast to traditional soft power tools such as public diplomacy, it makes explicit use of marketing and public relations techniques to reach its aims. Definitely, a new game in international politics is emerging about image and reputation. Nation branding provides the state a useful soft power approach in order to create its desired international influence in the international arena. As regards international relations discourses, nation branding is found most at home within the social constructivism theory. This is due to the fact that nation branding revolves around issues such as values, norms. With the increase use of soft power and the ever-increasing competition amongst states, nation branding will continue to gain ground as a concept, whilst further investigation in the IR field need to fu rther developed in order give a better insight on the place nation branding have in the political sphere.

Free Admissions Essay - Discipline and Perseverance :: Medicine College Admissions Essays

Admissions Essay - Discipline and Perseverance Pounding, rushing footsteps started to close in on me. The roar of the crowd echoed, as I extended my hand to receive the baton that signaled my turn to run. As I tightly wrapped my fingers around it, I felt the wind rush around me, and my tired legs started to carry me faster than I ever dreamed possible. As I rounded the final stretch of track I remember battling fatigue by contemplating two paths: slow down and give up my chance of winning to gain momentary comfort, or push myself even harder and give up momentary comfort to receive greater rewards later. I chose the second path and later held a trophy that represented my perseverance and hard work. The years of running - consistently choosing the second path - have taught me discipline and perseverance. These qualities will help me cross a different finish line and achieve a new goal: becoming a doctor. I have had to learn to budget my time to meet the demands of school, training programs, and volunteer activities. Although I trained and ran at least thirty miles a week throughout college, I also served as a big sister to Kelly, an abused child, and worked in a hospital trauma unit and as a medical assistant in an OB/GYN clinic. My most satisfying volunteer activity, however, was participating in mission work in Mexico City. In Mexico City I continually saw young children whose suffering was overwhelming. These children had never received vaccinations, were lice-infested, and suffered from malnutrition. They also frequently had infections that antibiotics can easily treat, but due to poverty were left untreated. For a week our team worked feverishly to see as many children as possible and treat them to the best of our abilities. I will never forget the feeling of complete fulfillment after a long day of using my talents for the betterment of others. The desire to replicate this feeling strengthens my commitment to becoming a physician. Isaac Asimov once said, "It has been my philosophy on life that difficulties vanish when faced boldly." Difficulties have tested my commitment. In September 1992, at the beginning of the running season I developed a severe case of mono. My doctors advised me to drop out of school for a semester and not run for at least four months.

Machiavelli: Hero or Villain? Essay

Writing one of the most acclaimed books of all time must not have been easy; not one bit. Stating that, the fact that Frederick Douglas, among many others, is capable of criticizing Machiavelli and his genius work on The Prince, really infuriates me. Unconsciously, Niccolo Machiavelli became one of the first and most important philosophical leaders of all time after writing The Prince. Although The Prince is considered one of the greatest pieces of political theory in history, it is not always looked upon favorably, and a clear example of this comes from Frederick the Great. In 1739, Frederick the Great wrote a severe critique of The Prince entitled Refutation of The Prince of Machiavelli in which he expressed that he thought â€Å"Machiavelli corrupted politics, and in doing so hoped to destroy the very percepts of sound morality†. This is an idea with which I don’t particularly side with. In his critique of The Prince, Frederick the Great talks about how this book is one of the most dangerous pieces of literature that has ever been released to the world. He describes how if this book were to fall into the hands of young, naive princes whose judgment hasn’t fully developed, their perspectives would be corrupted. Honestly, Frederick has this all wrong. The Prince is meant to be looked at as a type of â€Å"handbook† or â€Å"guide† which Machiavelli created in order for the current prince to have a successful career as commander in chief. He is hoping to help and facilitate the journey the person who is the acting prince, which in that case was de Medici. It is clear that Frederick the Great thought that Machiavelli’s intentions in writing the story were to corrupt the mind of young princes, but the wise words on the guide had only one unique function; to ease the roll of the b eing a prince. This is why Frederick is certainly â€Å"wide of the mark† concerning his opinions. In the midst of Frederick’s severe evaluation of The Prince, he mentions a quote made by Machiavelli which appears in the book. The citation went as following, â€Å"Since all men are villainous and will not keep their word with you, there is no obligation for you to keep faith with them.† Frederick the Great then goes on to critiquing Machiavelli by saying that he is implying that the prince should act without mercy and be a cruel ruler of his people. He then goes on to complain about how Machiavelli is of evil influence and that he is out to corrupt politics and in doing so â€Å"hoped to destroy the very percepts of sound morality†. Honestly, this quote mad by Niccolo is one which needs to be looked at figuratively. Machiavelli is trying to convince the prince to become a powerful, significant figure with his people, who doesn’t let himself get pushed over. He’s is implying that the prince be one who is firm in his decisions and but is also feared by his people. He explains why this should be; reasoning that being feared is the equivalent of being respected. Machiavelli strongly recommended a leader with no remorse meaning the certain respect from the people he ruled over. Near the end of the critique, Frederick the Great points out how Machiavelli thought that the, â€Å"people would be more impressed by the show of devotion, than revolted by the bad treatment they have received from the prince†. There is no room for doubt concerning this matter. Machiavelli is very clear concerning his perspective. A prince who wishes to be respected and looked well upon must be a demanding one who shows his commitment and dedication to his duties. Frederick is completely wrong in believing that Machiavelli wishes the prince to treat his people incorrectly. All that Machiavelli is implying is that the prince must not be one who doesn’t show his presence as a leader. He must be demanding and at times harsh. This will make him seem as a leader who doesn’t care about his people, but in reality, he is just doing what is best for them. Machiavelli also previously stated that it is better for a prince to be feared than loved because of the amount of respect received when he is feared. This does not mean that the prince be a diabolical one, it means he must be devoted to all he sets mind to without caring for anything else but his people. All in all, the prince must not be a push over in the eyes of the public; and this is all that Machiavelli meant to say. Although The Prince is considered one of the greatest pieces of political theory in history, naturally, it is not always looked upon favorably. It is clear that not all will see eye to eye concerning this piece of literature, as is the case with Frederick the Great. This being said, this book is not a list of what princes actually do, moreover, it is a guide to help a man become a prince looked up to by the people he governs over. This is clearly what Machiavelli wanted to get through, and it is how Machiavelli and his work on The Prince should be remembered for many years to come.

The Problems Of Solid Waste In Turkey Environmental Sciences Essay

AbstractionMunicipal solid waste ( MSW ) is a major environmental job in Turkey, as in many developing states. Problems associated with municipal solid waste are hard to turn to, but attempts towards more efficient aggregation and transit and environmentally acceptable waste disposal continue in Turkey. Although rigorous ordinances on the direction of solid waste are in topographic point, crude disposal methods such as unfastened dumping and discharge into surface H2O have been used in assorted parts of Turkey. This article presents a brief history of the legislative tendencies in Turkey for MSW direction and the MSW duty and direction construction together with the present state of affairs of coevals, composing, recycling, and intervention. The consequences of several researches show that about 25 million ton of MSW are generated yearly in Turkey. About 77 % of the population receives MSW services. In malice of attempts to alter unfastened dumping countries into healthful landfills and to construct modern recycling and composting installations, Turkey still has over two 1000 unfastened mopess.Reappraisal of the Turkish legislative model in MSW directionIn 1983, the Ministry of Environment in Turkey published Environmental Law 2872 as the first phase in order to better the environmental state of affairs in the state. However, there was no consensus on the best option for MSW direction in the jurisprudence. In 1991, the Solid Waste Control Regulation came into force in order to pull off solid waste. The ordinance played a cardinal function in solid waste aggregation, storage, conveyance, and disposal. The ordinance has been continuously updated. In add-on, Turkey developed ordinances for medical waste in 1993 and for risky waste in 1995. The Medical Waste Control Regulation established a basic action line for medical waste direction based on the aggregation, storage, conveyance, and disposal or reuse of the waste by its proprietor. Some types of waste, such as r adioactive wastes, were excluded from that jurisprudence. The Hazardous Waste Control Regulation set the standards for the aggregation, conveyance, and concluding disposal of risky waste, including options for land filling or incineration, every bit good as the design standard and the operational regulations for healthful landfills and incinerators. The ordinance besides focuses on the minimisation of risky waste and encouragement of recycling. By legal definition, municipal solid waste includes all the waste originating from human activities that are usually solid and that are discarded as useless or unwanted. Municipal solid waste by and large consists of waste generated from residential to commercial countries, industries, Parkss, and streets [ 1 ] . In metropoliss in Turkey, community enterprises in solid waste direction are presently being supported by the municipal governments, who guide their activities harmonizing to the statute law and policies dictated by the Ministry of Environment and Forestry ( MEF ) . The model of duty and direction of MSW in Turkey is shown in Figure 1. MSW comes from commercial services, industries, health care installations, and citizens in Turkey. Some private endeavors are responsible for the aggregation and conveyance of solid waste and for the sorting of individually collected packaging waste. After screening, the packaging waste is directed towards the recycling industry [ 2 ] . Fig. 1. Model of duty and direction of MSW in Turkey.MSW coevals and composingUntil 1994, there were merely estimations of MSW coevals in Turkey because of the predomination of unfastened dumping and the trouble of entering MSW coevals. The absence of dependable informations and statistics for waste coevals and composing makes a regional and national rating of MSW direction hard. The Turkish State Statistical Institute has compiled statistics about MSW direction since 1994 [ 3 ] . In the 1960s, 3-4 million ton of municipal solid waste per twelvemonth was generated in Turkey. However, harmonizing to the Turkish State Statistical Institute ‘s 2004 database, about 25 million ton of MSW was generated yearly ( Figure 2 ) . Fig. 2. Sum of MSW collected in Turkey. Increasing population degrees, rapid economic growing, and the rise in community life criterions will speed up the hereafter solid waste coevals rate in Turkey. The sum of MSW per capita in the summer and winter seasons from 1994 to 2004 is given in Figure 3. The coevals rate per capita varies well from the summer season to the winter season. As seen in Fig. 3, in the 1990s Turkey generated a higher sum of MSW in the summer than in the winter. MSW coevals rates in summer and in winter are 1.30 and 1.29 kg/cap/day in 2004, severally. This is a consequence of the decreasing use of fossil fuel for day-to-day warming. Fig. 3. Sum of MSW per capita ( kg/cap/day )Technologies in usage for managing and intervention of MSWCollection and transit of MSWThere are 3225 municipalities in Turkey, and 16 of them are metropolitan municipalities. A sum of 3028 municipalities have solid waste direction services. The population having solid waste services from 1994 to 2004 is shown in Fig. 4. As can be seen, the per centum of the population having solid waste services increased from 71 % in 1994 to 77 % in 2004 ( Fig. 4 ) . Fig. 4. Percentage of entire population having solid waste services of Turkey. However, the per centum of municipalities roll uping and transporting solid waste in the municipalities is 95 % . In most of the colony units of Turkey, the aggregation and transit constituents of MSW direction are by and large good organized. The municipalities spend all of their attempts and budgets for these services. There are two types of aggregation systems in the municipal countries of Turkey [ 4 ] .Collection Systems of MSW1. Curb Side PickupThis system is operated in the cardinal parts of the metropoliss and big towns. In this aggregation system, a solid waste aggregation vehicle Michigans at each edifice to pick up the garbage, either in plastic bags or in kitchen bins. Where this system is operated, the waste is collected daily or twice a twenty-four hours. Some occupants use specially produced plastic bags, but most use packaging plastic bags of assorted thickness and sizes. The kitchen bins used by the occupants of most parts are non standard, either in size or in fabric ating stuff.2. Community Bin SystemThis system is normally practiced in little colonies and the ill developed peripheral parts of urban countries. Depending on the population of an country, community bins with assorted non-standard sizes and theoretical accounts are placed on the streets, and waste from these bins is collected by assorted types of vehicles, runing from tractors to compactors. The bins are by and large emptied or replaced in some municipalities two or three times a hebdomad. Due to the addition of population and rapid urbanisation, the roads in the peripheral parts in some urban Centres are really hapless, so the aggregation vehicles can non make the community bins in these countries during rainy periods and therefore the community bins can non be emptied on a regular basis. The MSW from these countries by and large contains high concentrations of putrescent affair, which makes them peculiarly prone to do aesthetic and environmental perturbations to neighboring popul ations, particularly when the community bins or poulet bins are non emptied within 48 H of adding the garbage to the bins. Medical waste from healthcare constitutions to other risky wastes are by and large put into the community bins alternatively of being collected individually by specially designed trucks and workers. However, some municipalities individually apply aggregation and transit systems, particularly municipalities with high populations. A little sum of medical waste is disposed by firing in Turkey. The infective solid waste, together with MSW, is by and large discharged to dumping countries of municipalities. Municipalities use their ain vehicles for solid waste aggregation and transit. Both the aggregation and transit services are performed by the same vehicles. By and large, transportation theoretical accounts are non used in Turkey. The aggregation and transit vehicles are by and large trucks with capacities of 3.5-7 ton. Tractors are besides used in many countries in big metropoliss.Disposal of MSWIn many metropoliss in Turkey, lacks in the proviso of waste services are the consequence of unequal fiscal resources, direction, and proficient accomplishments of municipalities and authorities governments to cover with the rapid growing in demand for services. Methods of disposal of solid waste, harmonizing to the Turkish State Statistical Institute ‘s 2004 database, are shown diagrammatically in Figure 5. Fig. 5. MSW disposal methods in Turkey There are 16 healthful landfills, five composting workss ( three of which are being actively operated ) , and three incineration workss in Turkey. In 2004 25,013,521 ton of MSW were collected, whereas 7,002,000, 351,000, and 8000 ton were disposed of in healthful landfills, composted, and incinerated, severally. A sum of 17,661,254 ton of waste was disposed of without any control. There are typically a big figure of scavengers at garbage bins in Turkey. The stuffs collected are subjected to some degree of intermediate processing, such as separating, rinsing and drying. The rescued stuffs re so sold to decline traders, who further separate the stuffs and sell them to allow processing/ recasting Millss and mills. It is estimated that about 10-15 % of MSW is recycled by scavengers.Agreements in Management Strategies and DutiesThe conventional waste aggregation and disposal system in Turkey consists of refuse trucks and unfastened dumping. However, the tendency for disposal of MSW is tow ards implementing waste recreation and making an integrated MSW direction system. An incorporate system requires many direction options, such as beginning decrease, kerb side recycling, material recovery, waste-to-energy, healthful land filling, and composting. Physical and chemical informations can be analyzed to find the physical makeup and the chemical content of the MSW watercourse consecutive, supplying of import information for MSW direction systems. Although the physical composing analysis may straight back up the appraisal of material recovery, kerb side recycling, and composting, the energy content may greatly back up the probe of the thermic intervention potency. Bettering the criterion of direction and operation of some bing installations at much lower cost may offer considerable betterment in environmental public presentation. Additionally, puting out a plan of planned closing and redress of the most contaminated garbage dumps will represent an early measure in the devel opment of the national waste scheme [ 5 ] . Co-disposal of MSW with risky medical and industrial wastes creates a great concern for public wellness. From this point of position, the execution of solid waste direction schemes will cut down the hazard of environmental pollution. In Turkey, a negligible sum of MSW is presently being recycled. Ill organized aggregation systems for recoverable wastes, deficiency of support, and low inclination of occupants to segregate waste are factors impacting the efficiency of recovery. If there are no recycling plans in metropoliss, it is of import for waste directors to find the per centum of recyclables in the waste watercourse, every bit good as what per centum of these recyclables is marketable. If metropoliss have had recycling plans, the sum of reclaimable stuff could supply valuable information by placing the gaining control rates in recycling Centres. Municipalities are responsible for guaranting that the waste generated y their occupants and constitutions is collected and dece ntly managed. A major job is the current hapless status of the economic system in Turkey. The sum of financess available from municipal budgets for MSW betterments should be increased.Costss and Financing of MSW Collection and Recovery OperationsCost informations on solid waste direction in Turkey is normally extremely controversial and complicated due to the nature of the topic. The cost informations is farther complicated by the particulars of the Municipal Region and the cost accounting methodological analysis employed. In order to give an thought of how dearly-won the MSW intervention is, an illustration from a recent survey is given below [ 6 ] . In this case, two separate Municipal cost analyses have been conducted. The first one covered Municipal aggregation and conveyance costs whereas the other one is basically an economic public presentation analysis of two small-medium scale stuff recovery installations. The first set of information was collected from 24 selected Municipa lities from the Aegean Coast of Turkey. The set of informations includes merely the aggregation and conveyance costs of municipal solid waste ( Table 1 ) . Table 1. Cost informations for municipal solid waste aggregation and disposal Table 2. Cost appraisal for a medium sized metropolis broad recycling programme for Turkey Premises: Population: 1.0 million, MSW: 1000 tons/day, % reclaimable waste: 20 % sum recycable waste: 200 tons/day, engagement rate: 45 % , material recovery: 90 tons/day. In order to do comparative appraisal and derive some commercial penetration towards the separate aggregation programmes, cost informations has been gathered from separate aggregation programmes in Turkey. The information on cost of aggregation and sorting has been summarized in Table 2 for a medium-to-large metropolis. An mean population is estimated to be 1.0 million. Based on the elaborate waste analysis, a cost/revenue analysis for a metropolis broad recycling programme is made. The analysis given in Table 2 indicates that grosss are sufficient to cover the general operational costs of material recovery installations if operated at full capacities. Depending on the beginning composing or depending on the aggregation method employed, a comparatively acceptable commercial net income can be retained. In Table 2, costs points are categorized with different types of aggregation methodological analysis. Collections through bring-centres outputs comparatively high investing costs and low operational costs, whereas door-to-door aggregation of reclaimable stuffs by plastic bags has the lowest investing cost. However the go oning ingestion of plastic bags outputs comparatively higher operational costs.Decision and SuggestionsBased on the consequences of TURKSTAT [ 7 ] , it can be concluded that MSW direction is a major job confronting municipalities. The one-year waste coevals additions in proportion to the rise in the population and urbanisation, and issues related to disposal have become ambitious as more land is needed or the ultimate disposal of solid waste. Open mopess can be damaging to the urban environment. In malice of attempts to alter unfastened mopess into healthful landfills and to construct modern recycling and composting installations, Turkey still has over 2000 unfastened mopess. The Solid Waste Control Regulation is applied decently in the phases of aggregation and transit, but the chief job is the readying of healthful landfills and rehabilitation of unfastened mopess because of deficient funding. Currently, electricity production from waste incineration is instead low in Turkey. This is because several of incineration workss lack the capacity to bring forth electricity. Determining methods of concluding waste disposal requires an apprehension of the makeup of the MSW watercourse. A MSW decision- support system based on incorporate solid waste direction should be developed for metropoliss in Turkey. The sum of solid waste collected in Turkey in 2004 was 25,013,521 ton ; 27.99 % , 1.4 % , and 03 % of MSW is disposed of in healthful landfills, composted, and incinerated, severally. This indicates that 70.57 % of the entire sum of MSW was disposed of without any control. In Turkey, MSW is largely composed of domestic residues, and its composing varies by season. Solid waste generated by and large consists of a high organic fraction because of high ingestion of veggies and fruits. In rural countries, the ash content is higher due to the usage of ranges for heating intents in the winter. In Turkey, as in many developing states, there is a deficiency of organisation and planning in MSW direction due to deficient information about ordinances and due to fiscal limitations. In the short term, the best policy might be to go forth disposal methods without any controls, and utilize the resources available to upgrade them with environmental protection systems. In the long term, the building of new healthful landfill countries, composting, and incineration installations could be planned. Public engagement and consciousness are besides of import issues in accomplishing the ends of the suggested direction system, but it is hard and takes a long clip to do people cognizant of the importance and of the rules of the proposed direction system and to consequence their engagement. The reappraisal of municipal and family solid waste statistics in Turkey indicates that mean family waste coevals per capita is 0.6 kg/day and mean municipal solid waste is 0.95 kg/day. The composing of municipal solid waste varies by the beginning of waste ; nevertheless in all instances organic components histories for more than 50 % of municipal solid waste. Detailed cost analyses indicate that stuff recovery installations are normally self sufficient if operated at their established capacities, whereas initial investing to put up large-scale aggregation and recovery strategies still remains to be the major barrier that the municipalities have to get the better of.

Determination Of The Valency Of Magnesium Essays

Determination Of The Valency Of Magnesium Essays Determination Of The Valency Of Magnesium Paper Determination Of The Valency Of Magnesium Paper 1. To determine the stoichiometry of the magnesium 2. To study the quantitative relations between amounts of reactants and products of the reaction. Theory Background : Stoichiometry is the study of the combination of elements in chemical reactions. Stoichiometry refers to the relative number of atoms of various elements found in a chemical substance and is often useful in characterizing a chemical reaction. The related term stoichiometric is often used in thermodynamics to refer to the perfect mixture of a fuel and air. Stoichiometry is often used to balance chemical equations. In this experimet, a known starting mass of magnesium and the measured collection of hydrogen gas will be used to determine the reaction stoichiometry. Stoichiometry rests upon the law of conservation of mass, the law of definite proportions and the law of multiple proportions. In general, chemical reactions combine in definite ratios of chemicals. Since chemical reactions can neither create nor destroy matter, nor transmute one element into another, the amount of each element must be the same throughout the overall reaction. This experiment determines the stoichiometry of a reaction of magnesium and hydrochloric acid(HCl). The relationship between moles of magnesium reacted and moles of hydrogen produced are plotted. Magnesium ribbon is a strip of magnesium that is solid at room temperature. When mixed with hydrochloric acid it produces magnesium chloride, which is a liquid and hydrogen gas. The below is the equation that occurs: Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2 The word stoichiometry is also used for stoichiometry compound (eg: MgCl the proportion molecule ratio is 1:2). Valency is the adj of valence, which means the valence electron of the atom that is usable for reaction. Valency can also be defined as a measure of the number of chemical bonds formed by the atoms of a given element. In this experiment, the starting weight of magnesium is already known, so hydrogen gas collected can be measured to calculate the stoichiometry reaction, including the valency and the proportional molecule. The purpose of this experiment is to find out the quantitative relations between amounts of reactants and products between magnesium and HCl which is X, by calculating the presence hydrogen atom after the reaction is completed. The value of X is denoted in the following equation, Mg + X HCl i MgClx + X/2 H2 We know that magnesium will react with hydrochloric acid to produce hydrogen gas and magnesium chloride (MgCI) salt. MgCI is soluble but not hydrogen gas, so the gas can be collected in the burette using a filtering funnel. In this experiment, a limiting factor is needed to control the reaction. Magnesium is the best choice since it is in solid form and can be easily fixed in a space compared to hydrochloric acid in aqueous form, so excess hydrochloric acid will ensure that all the known amount of magnesium have reacted. When the volume of the hydrogen gas is obtained, the mole of the gas can be calculated, then substituted into the formula and to get the amount of mole of each molecule, and the difference between how many magnesium we had put in and how many actually reacted can be compared.